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1. "Review of Developments Pertaining to the Promotion and Protection of Maasai Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of Maasai Indigenous Peoples of Kenya," Statement of the Maa Development Association, July 1993. Also, see Human Rights Watch/Africa, Divide and Rule: State-Sponsored Ethnic Violence in Kenya (New York, 1993), 64.
2. The indigenous (i.e.: "ethnic") composition of Kenya is approximately: Kikuyu 21%; Luhya 14%; Luo 13%; Kalenjin 11%; Kamba 11%; Kisii 6%; Meru 5.5%; Maasai 1.5%; Turkana 1.5%; and Teso 1%. The Kalenjin are not one cohesive socio-cultural entity, but rather are comprised of eleven distinct peoples, the most populous of which are the Kipsigis, the Nandi, and the Pokot. The name "Kalenjin" came into use during the anti-colonial liberation struggle of the 1950s. The word, meaning "I tell you," is shared by all the Kalenjins, who speak dialects of Mnandi.
3. The Luhyas, like the Kalenjins, are a collective that acquired their present name at the time of liberation from colonial rule. The Luhyas are comprised of sixteen distinct peoples.
4. Quoted in J.K. Asiema and F.D.P. Situma, 1994, Indigenous Peoples and the Environment: The Case of the Pastoral Maasai of Kenya, in Endangered Peoples: Indigenous Rights and the Environment (Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado/ Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law), 156.
5. ibid., 155-58.
6. Divide and Rule, 64.
7. Robert Press, "Nomads and Farmers in Kenya War Over Increasingly Scarce Land," Christian Science Monitor (18 January 1995); "Kenya: A Murderous Majimboism," Africa Confidential Vol.34., no.21 (22 October 1993).
8. Divide and Rule, 18, 52.
9. Makau wa Mutua, "Human Rights and State Despotism in Kenya: Institutional Problems," Africa Today/Africa Rights Monitor (4th Quarter, 1994).
10. Amnesty International, Index: AFR 32/15/94.
11. Makau wa Mutua, op.cit., 50-51.
12. Divide and Rule.
13. ibid., 27.
14. ibid.
15. ibid.
16. ibid., 63-64; also see W.R. Ole Ntimama, "The Maasai Dilemma," Cultural Survival Quarterly Vol.18; no.1 (Spring 1994), 58-59.
17. ibid., 11 (note 16).
18. ibid., 41-42.
19. ibid., 52.
20. Eugene Hillman, "The Pauperization of the Maasai in Kenya," Africa Today/ Africa Rights Monitor (4th Quarter, 1994), 57-65.
Fourth World Bulletin • Spring/Summer 1996